Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that causes distinct episodes of unusually high or irritable mood and episodes of depression. These changes are more intense and persistent than ordinary mood variations and can affect sleep, judgement, relationships, work and daily life. Many people also have long periods of stable mood.
Mania and hypomania
During a high mood episode, a person may have much more energy, need very little sleep, speak rapidly, have racing thoughts or feel unusually confident. They may become irritable, impulsive or take risks such as spending large amounts of money. Mania is more severe than hypomania and may include hallucinations, delusions or behaviour that requires hospital care.
Depressive episodes
Symptoms can include persistent sadness, loss of interest, tiredness, changes in sleep or appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness or hopelessness, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Some episodes have both manic and depressive symptoms at the same time.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by a mental health specialist after reviewing current symptoms, previous episodes, medicines, physical health and family history. Bipolar disorder can take time to recognise because a person may first seek help during depression. Other causes, including thyroid disease and substance use, may need to be considered.
Treatment and ongoing care
Treatment is individual and may include mood-stabilising medicine, an antipsychotic, psychological therapy and support with sleep, routines and recognising early warning signs. Some medicines require regular blood tests or physical health monitoring. Do not stop bipolar medicine suddenly or change the dose without medical advice.
Pregnancy planning is important because some medicines can harm an unborn baby. Anyone who is pregnant, could become pregnant or is planning pregnancy should discuss treatment promptly with a specialist and should not stop medication without advice.
When to get urgent help
Seek urgent mental health help if symptoms are escalating quickly, a person is severely agitated, has lost touch with reality, cannot care for themselves, or may harm themselves or someone else. Call emergency services immediately when there is an immediate danger or after a suicide attempt.
Sources
Reviewed: 28 August 2026