Bladder stones are hard mineral deposits that form inside the bladder. They most often develop when the bladder does not empty completely, allowing concentrated urine to form crystals that gradually become stones. Small stones may sometimes pass, while larger stones often need treatment.
Symptoms
- Lower abdominal pain or pressure
- Pain or burning when urinating
- Frequent or urgent urination
- Difficulty starting urination or an interrupted urine stream
- Blood in the urine
- Dark or unusually colored urine
- Repeated urinary tract infections
- Difficulty emptying the bladder completely
Some bladder stones cause few or no symptoms and are discovered during testing for another urinary problem.
Why bladder stones form
Bladder stones are commonly associated with incomplete bladder emptying. Causes can include benign prostate enlargement, blockage at the bladder outlet, bladder diverticula, nerve problems affecting bladder function, urinary tract infection, or foreign material in the bladder. Treating the underlying cause is important because stones can return.
Diagnosis
A healthcare professional may use a medical history, physical examination and urinalysis. A urine culture may be needed when infection is suspected. Imaging such as ultrasound, X-ray or CT can identify stones, and cystoscopy can allow a clinician to look directly inside the bladder.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the size of the stone, symptoms and the underlying cause. Small stones may occasionally pass naturally. Stones that do not pass can often be broken into smaller pieces and removed through a cystoscope. Some stones require surgery.
Any condition that prevents the bladder from emptying properly should also be evaluated and treated. Drinking enough fluid can help keep urine diluted, but people with heart or kidney conditions may need individualized advice about fluid intake.
Possible complications
Untreated bladder stones can contribute to repeated urinary tract infections, chronic bladder irritation, urinary obstruction and, in some cases, damage to the urinary tract.
When to seek medical care
Arrange medical assessment for persistent urinary pain, difficulty urinating, repeated infections or blood in the urine. Seek urgent medical care if you cannot pass urine, develop severe pain, fever or chills with urinary symptoms, repeated vomiting, confusion, or pass large amounts of blood or blood clots.
Related topics
- Blood in Urine (Hematuria)
- Kidneys and Urinary Tract
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Sources
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026. This page provides general health information and does not replace individual medical advice.