Celiac disease is a chronic digestive and immune disorder in which eating gluten damages the small intestine. Gluten is a protein found naturally in wheat, barley and rye. Celiac disease is different from wheat allergy and from non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
Symptoms
Symptoms vary widely. Digestive symptoms may include diarrhea, constipation, bloating, gas, abdominal pain, nausea and stools that are loose, bulky or greasy. Other possible signs include fatigue, iron-deficiency anemia, weight loss, mouth symptoms, reduced bone strength, nerve symptoms and an itchy blistering rash called dermatitis herpetiformis. Children may also have growth or developmental problems. Some people have few or no obvious symptoms.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on medical history, examination and testing. Blood tests can look for antibodies associated with celiac disease, and an upper endoscopy with small-intestinal biopsies may be used to confirm the diagnosis. Genetic testing can be useful in selected situations.
Do not start a gluten-free diet before testing unless a healthcare professional advises you to. Removing gluten can allow antibody levels and intestinal damage to improve, which may make diagnostic tests less accurate.
Treatment
The treatment for celiac disease is a lifelong gluten-free diet. Avoiding gluten allows the small intestine to heal in most people and helps prevent further damage. A registered dietitian familiar with celiac disease can help identify hidden sources of gluten, reduce cross-contact and maintain balanced nutrition.
Follow-up may include repeat antibody tests and checks for nutritional deficiencies or complications. Iron, vitamins or other supplements should be used when a deficiency or clinical need has been identified.
When to seek medical advice
Ask for medical assessment if you have persistent digestive symptoms, unexplained iron-deficiency anemia, unexplained weight loss, poor growth, or a close relative with celiac disease. People already diagnosed should seek review if symptoms continue or return despite following a gluten-free diet.
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Sources
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026.
Medical disclaimer: This information is general and does not replace individual medical assessment, diagnosis or treatment.