Constipation means having bowel movements less often than usual, passing hard, dry or lumpy stools, having difficulty or pain when passing stool, or feeling that the bowel has not emptied completely. Normal bowel habits vary, so a change from your usual pattern is often more important than frequency alone.
Common causes
Constipation may have more than one cause. Common factors include too little fiber or fluid, reduced physical activity, delaying bowel movements, pregnancy, changes in routine, and medicines such as opioid pain relievers, iron supplements and some antidepressants. Irritable bowel syndrome, pelvic floor problems and some metabolic, neurologic or digestive conditions can also contribute.
What may help
- Increase fiber gradually through vegetables, fruit, whole grains, beans and other high-fiber foods.
- Drink enough water and other fluids, especially when increasing fiber, unless you have been given a fluid restriction.
- Stay physically active when possible.
- Use the bathroom when you feel the urge and allow enough time for a bowel movement.
- A footstool that raises the knees above the hips may make bowel movements easier for some people.
A healthcare professional or pharmacist may recommend a laxative when lifestyle measures are not enough. Different types work in different ways. Do not change or stop prescribed medicines because you think they are causing constipation without discussing this with a healthcare professional.
When constipation needs assessment
Arrange medical assessment if constipation does not improve with self-care, keeps returning, or is a new persistent change in your bowel habits. Assessment is particularly important with rectal bleeding, blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss or continuing abdominal pain.
Urgent warning signs
Seek urgent medical care for constipation with severe or constant abdominal pain, inability to pass gas, repeated vomiting, fever, significant rectal bleeding, or a markedly swollen abdomen. New weakness, severe illness or rapidly worsening symptoms also require prompt assessment.
Related topics
Sources
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026.
Medical disclaimer: This information is general and does not replace individual medical assessment, diagnosis or treatment.