Contact dermatitis is a type of eczema caused by something that touches the skin. Irritant contact dermatitis results from direct damage to the skin barrier. Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed immune reaction to a particular substance. Both can affect any area but are especially common on the hands and face.
Symptoms
- Itching, burning or soreness
- Dry, cracked or scaly skin
- Swelling, small blisters or weeping
- Skin that becomes red, purple, grey, darker or lighter depending on skin tone
Symptoms may develop within hours or days of exposure. Repeated contact with water, soap, detergents, solvents or friction commonly causes irritant dermatitis. Allergic triggers include nickel, fragrances, preservatives, hair dye chemicals, rubber additives and some plants.
Diagnosis
A clinician will consider where the rash occurs, work and hobbies, skin products and the timing of exposure. Patch testing may be arranged when allergic contact dermatitis is suspected. Patch testing is different from skin-prick testing used for immediate allergies.
Treatment and prevention
Avoiding or reducing contact with the trigger is the main treatment. Use emollients regularly and a soap substitute when advised. A topical corticosteroid may be recommended for inflamed skin. Protective gloves can help, but sweating inside them may worsen symptoms; cotton liners and regular breaks can reduce this problem.
Check product ingredient labels because an allergen can appear in many different products. Workplace dermatitis may require occupational health assessment and safer working methods.
When to seek medical advice
Seek help for severe, persistent or recurrent dermatitis, or when the cause is unclear. Get prompt advice if the skin becomes rapidly more painful, hot, swollen, heavily weeping or crusted, or if fever develops. Call emergency services for facial or throat swelling, breathing difficulty or a widespread blistering reaction.
Sources
Reviewed: 28 August 2026