Dementia is a general term for a decline in memory, thinking, language or other cognitive abilities that is severe enough to interfere with everyday life. Dementia is not a normal part of aging. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause, but several other diseases can cause dementia.
Possible symptoms
- Increasing memory problems
- Difficulty planning, organizing or solving familiar problems
- Problems finding words or following conversations
- Getting lost in familiar places
- Changes in judgment, behavior or personality
- Difficulty managing medicines, finances or everyday tasks
Diagnosis
Assessment includes medical history, information about changes in daily function, cognitive testing and physical and neurological examination. Blood tests and brain imaging may be used to identify treatable causes or clarify the likely type of dementia.
Treatment and support
Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Some medicines can temporarily improve symptoms or slow decline in selected forms of dementia. Management also includes treatment of other health conditions, physical activity, routines, cognitive and social engagement, safety planning and support for caregivers.
When to seek urgent care
Gradual cognitive changes should be medically assessed. Sudden confusion developing over hours or days is not typical of dementia progression and requires prompt assessment for delirium, infection, medication effects, stroke or other acute illness. Sudden facial weakness, arm weakness or speech difficulty requires emergency care.
Related topics
Sources and further reading
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026. This page provides general health information and does not replace individual medical assessment or treatment.