Depression is more than a temporary low mood. It can affect emotions, thoughts, sleep, appetite, energy, relationships and the ability to manage everyday life. Symptoms often continue for weeks or months, but effective treatment and support are available.
Common symptoms
Depression does not feel the same for everyone. Symptoms may include:
- persistent sadness, emptiness, irritability or hopelessness
- loss of interest or pleasure in activities
- low energy, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
- changes in sleep, appetite or weight
- feelings of worthlessness, guilt or helplessness
- withdrawing from friends, family, work or education
- unexplained aches, slower movement or restlessness
- thoughts of death, self-harm or suicide
Some medical conditions and medicines can cause similar symptoms. Bipolar disorder can also include depressive episodes, so it is important to tell a clinician about any periods of unusually elevated mood, reduced need for sleep, impulsive behaviour or increased activity.
When to seek an assessment
Speak with a healthcare professional if symptoms are present most of the day, nearly every day, for more than two weeks, or sooner if they are seriously affecting daily life. An assessment usually covers symptoms, physical health, medicines, alcohol or drug use, stressful events and personal or family history. Blood tests may sometimes be used to rule out another cause.
Treatment
Treatment should be matched to the person’s needs, preferences, symptoms and level of risk. Options may include:
- guided self-help, structured exercise or behavioural activation
- talking therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy
- antidepressant medicine, particularly for more severe depression or when preferred
- a combination of psychological therapy and medicine
- specialist mental health care for severe, complex or treatment-resistant depression
Antidepressants can take time to help and may cause side effects. Do not start, stop or change a prescribed medicine without discussing it with the prescriber. Follow-up is important, especially after starting treatment or changing a dose.
Supporting recovery
Regular sleep, physical activity, nutritious meals, reducing alcohol and staying connected with supportive people can assist recovery. These steps complement professional care and are not a substitute for treatment when depression is persistent or severe.
Urgent help
Get immediate help if you may harm yourself or someone else, cannot keep yourself safe, or have severe confusion, agitation or symptoms of psychosis. Contact your local emergency service or go to the nearest emergency department. If possible, tell a trusted person and do not stay alone while arranging help.
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Reviewed: 28 August 2026