Dry mouth, also called xerostomia, occurs when there is not enough saliva to keep the mouth comfortably moist. Occasional dryness can happen with stress or dehydration. Persistent dry mouth should be assessed because saliva protects the teeth and oral tissues and helps with speaking, tasting, chewing and swallowing.
Symptoms
- a sticky, burning or dry feeling in the mouth or throat
- difficulty speaking, tasting, chewing or swallowing
- cracked lips, mouth sores or a rough tongue
- bad breath
- thick or stringy saliva
- increased tooth decay, gum problems or oral infections
Common causes
Many medications can reduce saliva, including some treatments for depression, allergies, high blood pressure, pain and bladder problems. Other causes include dehydration, mouth breathing, tobacco use, diabetes, Sjögren’s disease, nerve damage and radiation therapy to the head or neck. Dry mouth becomes more common with age but is not an inevitable part of aging.
What may help
- Sip water regularly and keep water nearby at night.
- Chew sugar-free gum or use sugar-free candy if this is safe for you.
- Limit tobacco, alcohol and excess caffeine, which can worsen dryness.
- Use alcohol-free oral-care products and ask a pharmacist or dentist about saliva substitutes.
- Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, clean between the teeth and follow a dental-care schedule appropriate for your oral health.
Do not stop a prescribed medication because of dry mouth without medical advice. A clinician may be able to adjust the dose, change the medication or recommend another treatment. Prescription medicines that stimulate saliva are appropriate only for selected people.
When to get advice
See a dentist or healthcare professional if dryness persists, affects eating or swallowing, or occurs with frequent thirst, dry eyes, tooth decay, mouth pain, white patches or recurrent sores. Assessment may include a medication review, examination of the mouth and, when appropriate, tests for an underlying condition.
Seek urgent medical care if swallowing or breathing becomes difficult, or if sudden swelling of the lips, tongue or throat suggests a severe allergic reaction.
This information is general and does not replace individual medical or dental assessment or treatment.
Sources and further reading
Last reviewed: 28 September 2026.