The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce hormones controlling metabolism, growth, reproduction, stress responses, blood glucose, bone health and many other body functions. Hormonal disorders can cause symptoms throughout the body and often require blood testing for diagnosis.
Common endocrine and hormonal conditions
- Hypothyroidism — an underactive thyroid gland.
- Type 2 Diabetes — high blood glucose caused by insulin resistance and impaired insulin production.
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) — a hormonal and metabolic condition affecting ovulation and androgen levels.
- Menopause — the life stage associated with declining ovarian hormone production and the end of menstrual periods.
Symptoms that may suggest a hormonal disorder
Symptoms vary widely and may include unexplained weight change, persistent fatigue, excessive thirst or urination, changes in menstrual periods, heat or cold intolerance, changes in heart rate, hair or skin changes, muscle weakness, fertility problems or changes in growth.
Diagnosis
Assessment begins with symptoms, medical history and examination. Depending on the suspected condition, tests may measure thyroid hormones, blood glucose, cortisol, reproductive hormones or other endocrine markers. Imaging is sometimes needed.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the hormone and underlying condition. It may involve replacing a deficient hormone, reducing excessive hormone production, medicines that improve hormone action, surgery or treatment of an underlying gland disorder. Long-term monitoring is important for many endocrine conditions.
When to seek urgent care
Severe confusion, collapse, breathing difficulty, persistent vomiting, profound weakness or serious illness associated with known diabetes or another endocrine disorder requires urgent medical assessment.
Sources and further reading
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026. This page provides general health information and does not replace individual medical assessment or treatment.