Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by a lasting tendency to have unprovoked seizures. Seizures result from sudden abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can affect awareness, movement, sensation, behavior or memory.
Possible seizure symptoms
- Temporary loss or alteration of awareness
- Staring and reduced responsiveness
- Sudden stiffening or rhythmic jerking
- Unusual sensations, smells, emotions or visual experiences
- Brief confusion or memory gaps
Diagnosis
A single seizure does not always mean epilepsy. Assessment may include a detailed description of the event, medical history, neurological examination, blood tests, electroencephalography (EEG) and brain imaging such as MRI.
Treatment
Anti-seizure medicines control seizures for many people. Treatment depends on seizure type, epilepsy syndrome, age, other health conditions and pregnancy considerations. Some people with seizures that remain uncontrolled may benefit from specialist treatments including surgery, neurostimulation or dietary therapy.
Seizure first aid
Protect the person from injury, move dangerous objects away and cushion the head if possible. Do not restrain the person and do not put anything in their mouth. When convulsive movements stop, place the person on their side if it is safe to do so and monitor breathing.
When to seek emergency help
Contact local emergency services if a seizure lasts about five minutes or longer, seizures occur repeatedly without recovery, breathing does not return normally, a serious injury occurs, the seizure happens in water, or it is the person’s first known seizure.
Related topics
Sources and further reading
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026. This page provides general health information and does not replace individual medical assessment or treatment.