Fibromyalgia is a long-term condition that causes widespread pain and increased sensitivity to pain. It can also affect sleep, energy, concentration and everyday functioning. Symptoms are real even though routine scans or blood tests may be normal.
Common symptoms
- widespread aching, burning or stabbing pain
- tenderness or pain from light touch
- persistent fatigue
- unrefreshing sleep
- problems with memory, attention or clear thinking
- headaches, muscle stiffness or irritable bowel symptoms
- symptoms that fluctuate or worsen during a flare
Cause and diagnosis
The exact cause is not fully understood. Fibromyalgia is thought to involve changes in how the nervous system processes pain and other sensory signals. Genetics, illness, injury, sleep disruption and physical or emotional stress may contribute, but some people have no clear trigger.
There is no single test for fibromyalgia. A clinician assesses the pattern and duration of pain, associated symptoms and the effect on daily life. Examination and selected tests help rule out other explanations such as inflammatory arthritis, thyroid disease, anemia or muscle disorders. Fibromyalgia can exist alongside another condition.
Treatment
Treatment is individualized and usually combines several approaches:
- physical activity or exercise adapted to current ability and increased gradually
- support for sleep and pacing of daily activities
- cognitive behavioral therapy or acceptance and commitment therapy for managing long-term pain
- medications that may reduce pain or improve sleep for selected people
- physical therapy, occupational support or a multidisciplinary pain service when needed
No single treatment works for everyone. Opioids are generally not a good long-term solution for fibromyalgia because benefit is limited and harms can increase over time. Treatment choices should be reviewed with a clinician.
Living with fibromyalgia
A sustainable routine is usually more helpful than alternating between doing too much and prolonged inactivity. Activity goals should be realistic and adjusted during flares. Support with work, education and daily tasks may also improve quality of life.
When to seek further assessment
Seek medical advice for new or changing symptoms rather than assuming every symptom is caused by fibromyalgia. Urgent assessment is needed for new weakness, loss of bladder or bowel control, severe chest pain, difficulty breathing, a hot swollen joint, high fever or immediate risk of self-harm.
This information is general and does not replace individual medical assessment or treatment.
Sources and further reading
Last reviewed: 28 September 2026.