Gum disease is inflammation and infection of the tissues that support the teeth. The early stage, gingivitis, can often be reversed with professional cleaning and consistent daily care. More advanced disease, called periodontitis, can damage the bone around the teeth and eventually lead to tooth loss.
Early signs of gum disease
- Red, swollen or tender gums
- Bleeding during brushing or cleaning between the teeth
- Persistent bad breath or an unpleasant taste
- Gums that appear to pull away from the teeth
- Sensitivity near the gumline
Gingivitis may cause little or no pain. Bleeding gums should not be ignored, even when they are not sore.
Signs of periodontitis
As gum disease progresses, pockets may form between the teeth and gums. Teeth can become loose or change position, and chewing may become uncomfortable. Pus, increasing swelling or a change in the way the teeth fit together requires dental assessment.
What increases the risk?
Plaque that remains along the gumline is the main cause. Smoking and other tobacco use greatly increase risk and can make treatment less successful. Diabetes, dry mouth, hormonal changes, certain medications, genetics and difficulty cleaning the teeth can also contribute.
Diagnosis and treatment
A dentist or dental hygienist examines the gums, measures the spaces around the teeth and may take X rays to assess bone support. Treatment can include professional cleaning, improved home care and deep cleaning below the gumline. Advanced disease may require periodontal treatment or surgery. Antibiotics are used only in selected situations and do not replace removal of plaque and tartar.
Arrange a dental visit for bleeding, swollen or receding gums, persistent bad breath, loose teeth or pain when chewing. Seek urgent dental or medical care for rapidly increasing facial swelling, difficulty swallowing or breathing, uncontrolled bleeding or severe illness.
Protecting your gums
- Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste.
- Clean between the teeth every day using floss or another method recommended for you.
- Do not smoke or use tobacco.
- Manage diabetes with your healthcare team.
- Discuss persistent dry mouth and medication side effects.
- Attend dental visits at intervals based on your individual risk.
See Oral Health and Tooth Decay for related guidance.
Sources
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research: Gum Disease
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: About Oral Health
- MedlinePlus: Gum Disease
Reviewed September 2026.
Medical disclaimer: This information is general and does not replace an individual dental or medical assessment.