Hemorrhoids are swollen veins around the anus or in the lower rectum. External hemorrhoids develop under the skin around the anus, while internal hemorrhoids form in the lining of the anus and lower rectum. They are common, but rectal bleeding should not automatically be assumed to be caused by hemorrhoids.
Symptoms
External hemorrhoids may cause itching, tenderness, pain or a hard lump near the anus. Internal hemorrhoids may cause bright red rectal bleeding and can sometimes prolapse through the anal opening. Internal hemorrhoids that have not prolapsed are often painless.
Common causes and risk factors
Factors that increase pressure in the veins of the anus and rectum can contribute. These include straining during bowel movements, chronic constipation or diarrhea, sitting on the toilet for long periods, a low-fiber diet, pregnancy, aging and frequent heavy lifting.
Self-care
- Eat more high-fiber foods to help make stools softer and easier to pass.
- Drink enough water and other fluids for your needs.
- Avoid straining during bowel movements.
- Avoid sitting on the toilet for long periods.
- Warm baths may help relieve discomfort.
Fiber supplements, stool softeners and short-term nonprescription creams or suppositories may help some people. Ask a healthcare professional or pharmacist if you are unsure which product is appropriate.
Medical treatment
Persistent bleeding or prolapsing internal hemorrhoids may be treated with procedures such as rubber band ligation, sclerotherapy, infrared treatment or electrocoagulation. Large or severe hemorrhoids may occasionally require surgery.
When to seek medical advice
Arrange medical assessment for rectal bleeding or symptoms that continue after about a week of home treatment. Bleeding can have causes other than hemorrhoids, including inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, so persistent or unexplained bleeding should be evaluated.
Urgent warning signs
Seek urgent medical care for severe anal pain with rectal bleeding, particularly when it occurs with abdominal pain, diarrhea or fever. Heavy bleeding, fainting, marked weakness or black, tarry stools also require urgent assessment.
Related topics
Sources
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026.
Medical disclaimer: This information is general and does not replace individual medical assessment, diagnosis or treatment.