A heart attack, also called a myocardial infarction, happens when blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked. The heart muscle begins to suffer damage, so emergency treatment is needed.
Symptoms
- Pressure, heaviness, tightness or squeezing in the chest
- Pain spreading to an arm, the jaw, neck, back or upper abdomen
- Shortness of breath
- Sweating, nausea or vomiting
- Dizziness, weakness or a feeling of intense anxiety
Symptoms vary. Some people have mild pain or no chest pain, particularly older adults and people with diabetes. Women can also experience chest pressure, but may have less typical symptoms such as breathlessness, nausea, back or jaw pain and unusual tiredness.
When to Get Emergency Help
Call your local emergency number immediately if you suspect a heart attack. Do not wait to see whether the symptoms improve and do not drive yourself to hospital. Follow the emergency call handler’s instructions about aspirin or any other action.
Causes and Risk Factors
Most heart attacks happen when a fatty deposit in a coronary artery ruptures and a blood clot blocks the artery. Risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, excess weight, limited physical activity, increasing age, family history and existing cardiovascular disease.
Diagnosis
Hospital tests include an electrocardiogram and blood tests that measure heart proteins such as troponin. Further tests may include an echocardiogram and coronary angiography to find the blockage and assess damage.
Emergency Treatment
Treatment aims to restore blood flow quickly. It may include medicines that reduce clotting, angioplasty with a stent or medicine that dissolves a clot. The treatment depends on the type of heart attack, test results, timing and the person’s health.
Recovery and Prevention
Recovery often includes cardiac rehabilitation, gradual physical activity, medicines and support with smoking, diet, weight, blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes. Take prescribed medicine exactly as directed and discuss side effects before making any changes.
Sources
Reviewed 28 August 2026.