Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a large group of common viruses. Most HPV infections cause no symptoms and become undetectable without causing health problems. Some HPV types cause genital warts, while persistent infection with certain high-risk types can lead to cancer.
How HPV Spreads
HPV spreads mainly through intimate skin-to-skin contact, including vaginal, anal and oral sex. A person can transmit HPV without having visible symptoms. Condoms can reduce the risk but do not cover all skin that may carry the virus.
HPV may be detected long after it was acquired, so a positive result usually cannot show when the infection began or which partner transmitted it.
Genital Warts and Cancer
The HPV types that usually cause Genital Warts are different from the high-risk types most strongly associated with cancer. Persistent high-risk HPV infection can contribute to cancers of the cervix, anus, penis, vulva, vagina and oropharynx.
HPV Vaccination
HPV vaccination can prevent infections caused by important HPV types and can prevent many HPV-related cancers and genital warts. Vaccination works best before exposure to HPV. Eligibility and vaccination schedules vary between countries, so follow the recommendations where you live.
Vaccination does not replace recommended cervical cancer screening.
Testing and Screening
There is no single test that determines a person’s general HPV status. HPV tests are used in specific cervical cancer screening and follow-up settings. They are not used as a routine general STI test or to diagnose genital warts.
Treatment
There is no medication that eliminates HPV itself. Treatment is directed at health problems caused by HPV, such as genital warts, precancerous cell changes or cancer. Many HPV infections become undetectable naturally.
When to Seek Medical Advice
Arrange medical assessment for new genital or anal growths, unexplained bleeding, persistent unusual symptoms, or a cervical screening result that requires follow-up. Follow recommended screening even if you have been vaccinated.
Related Topics
Sources and Further Reading
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Genital HPV Infection
- World Health Organization: HPV and Cancer
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026. This information does not replace individual medical assessment or treatment.