Lower back pain is very common and often improves within a few weeks. It may begin suddenly after lifting, twisting or another movement, or develop gradually. In many cases no single cause can be identified, and serious disease is uncommon.
Common causes
Back pain can result from a muscle or ligament strain. It may also be associated with a disc problem, sciatica, arthritis or an inflammatory condition. Scans often show age-related changes that are not necessarily the cause of pain, so imaging is not routinely needed for uncomplicated lower back pain.
What usually helps
Try to remain active and continue normal daily activities as much as possible. Long periods of bed rest can delay recovery. Walking, gentle movement and a gradual return to exercise are often helpful. Heat may ease muscle spasm, while a wrapped cold pack may help after a recent strain.
Anti-inflammatory medicines can help some people but are not suitable for everyone, including some people with stomach, kidney, heart or pregnancy-related risks. Ask a pharmacist or clinician which pain relief is appropriate. Persistent pain may be treated with physiotherapy, an exercise programme or support that addresses sleep, stress and coping with pain.
When to seek medical advice
Arrange an assessment if pain is severe, is worsening, lasts for several weeks, repeatedly returns, prevents normal activities, is worse at night, or is accompanied by unexplained weight loss, fever or feeling unwell. Seek prompt advice after a significant injury or if you have osteoporosis, cancer, a weakened immune system or long-term steroid use.
Emergency warning signs
Get emergency help for new loss of bladder or bowel control, difficulty passing urine, numbness around the genitals or anus, or pain, weakness or numbness affecting both legs. These can be signs of cauda equina syndrome and require immediate assessment. Chest pain or back pain following a serious accident also requires emergency care.
Sources
Reviewed: 28 August 2026