Menopause is reached after 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period when there is no other medical cause. The years leading up to menopause are called perimenopause, when changing hormone levels can cause a wide range of symptoms.
Common symptoms
Symptoms may include hot flashes, night sweats, sleep problems, irregular periods, mood changes, vaginal dryness, discomfort during sex, urinary symptoms and changes in sexual desire. Symptoms vary considerably between individuals.
Long-term health
Lower estrogen levels after menopause contribute to bone loss and can affect cardiovascular risk. Regular physical activity, strength and weight-bearing exercise, not smoking, adequate nutrition and appropriate preventive healthcare support long-term health.
Treatment
Treatment depends on which symptoms are most troublesome and a person’s medical history. Menopausal hormone therapy can be effective for hot flashes and other symptoms in appropriately selected patients. Local vaginal estrogen and nonhormonal options may be considered for genitourinary symptoms. Benefits and risks should be discussed individually with a healthcare professional.
When to seek medical advice
Seek medical advice when symptoms significantly affect daily life or sleep. Any vaginal bleeding after menopause should be assessed by a healthcare professional.
Sources and further reading
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026. This page provides general health information and does not replace individual medical assessment or treatment.