Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system. In MS, inflammation damages myelin, the protective covering around nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, and can disrupt communication between the brain and the rest of the body.
Possible symptoms
- Vision changes, including blurred vision or pain with eye movement
- Numbness, tingling or altered sensation
- Muscle weakness, stiffness or spasms
- Balance and coordination problems
- Fatigue
- Bladder or bowel problems
- Problems with concentration or memory
Symptoms vary greatly and can come and go or gradually worsen depending on the type of MS.
Diagnosis
No single symptom or test proves MS. Diagnosis is based on medical history, neurological examination and evidence that damage has occurred in different parts of the central nervous system at different times. MRI is particularly important. Blood tests, lumbar puncture and other neurological tests may also be used.
Treatment
Disease-modifying therapies can reduce inflammatory disease activity and lower the risk of relapses for many people. Corticosteroids may be used for selected acute relapses. Rehabilitation, physical activity, symptom-specific medicines and multidisciplinary care can help maintain function and quality of life.
When to seek urgent care
Sudden new neurological symptoms can have causes other than MS, including stroke. Seek emergency assessment for sudden facial weakness, arm weakness, speech difficulty, severe new loss of vision, collapse or other rapidly developing neurological symptoms.
Related topics
Sources and further reading
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026. This page provides general health information and does not replace individual medical assessment or treatment.