A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Ulcers in the stomach are called gastric ulcers and those in the duodenum are called duodenal ulcers. Most heal with appropriate treatment, but complications can include bleeding, perforation and blockage.
Symptoms
Common symptoms include pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, feeling full too soon during a meal or uncomfortably full afterward, nausea, bloating and belching. Some ulcers cause few symptoms until a complication develops.
Common causes
The two most common causes are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, naproxen and aspirin. Smoking may interfere with healing. Stress and spicy foods do not usually cause peptic ulcers, although they may worsen symptoms in some people.
Diagnosis
A healthcare professional may test for H. pylori using a breath test, stool test or a sample collected during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy may also be used to examine the stomach and duodenum, identify an ulcer and check for complications.
Treatment
Treatment includes medicines that reduce stomach acid and treatment of the underlying cause. H. pylori infection requires a combination of medicines that includes antibiotics. If an NSAID contributed, a healthcare professional may recommend changing the medicine or using protective treatment. Do not stop prescribed aspirin, anticoagulants or other important medicines without medical advice.
Researchers have not found that a special ulcer diet is needed to heal or prevent peptic ulcers. Choose a balanced diet and avoid foods or drinks only when they consistently worsen your symptoms.
When to seek medical advice
Arrange assessment for persistent or recurring upper abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, difficulty swallowing, unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite or symptoms of anemia.
Urgent warning signs
Seek urgent medical care for vomiting blood or material that resembles coffee grounds, black or tarry stools, sudden severe abdominal pain, a rigid or very tender abdomen, fainting, confusion or signs of shock. These can indicate ulcer bleeding or perforation.
Related topics
Sources
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026.
Medical disclaimer: This information is general and does not replace individual medical assessment, diagnosis or treatment.