Rhinitis is inflammation and irritation inside the nose. It commonly causes sneezing, itching, a runny nose, nasal congestion and mucus draining into the throat. Rhinitis can be allergic or nonallergic, and treatment depends on the cause.
Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis occurs when the immune system reacts to an allergen. Common triggers include tree, grass and weed pollen, dust mites, mold and animal dander. Symptoms may be seasonal or occur throughout the year.
Nonallergic rhinitis does not involve an allergic reaction. Triggers can include smoke, fragrances, fumes, air pollution, temperature or humidity changes, exercise, alcohol, spicy foods, hormonal changes and some medications. Using a decongestant nasal spray longer than recommended can cause rebound congestion.
Common symptoms
- Stuffy or runny nose
- Sneezing
- Itchy nose, throat or roof of the mouth
- Postnasal drip or cough
- Reduced sense of smell
- Itchy or watery eyes, especially with allergic rhinitis
- Disturbed sleep when symptoms are persistent
Diagnosis
A healthcare professional usually makes the diagnosis from the symptom pattern, possible triggers, medical history and examination. Skin prick testing or a blood test for allergen-specific IgE antibodies may be considered when the trigger is unclear or allergen immunotherapy is being considered.
Persistent symptoms mainly on one side, repeated nosebleeds, facial numbness or an unexplained change in smell need medical assessment.
Treatment and self-care
Reducing exposure to confirmed triggers can help. Saline nasal sprays or rinses may wash away mucus and irritants. For nasal rinsing, use distilled, sterile or previously boiled and cooled water rather than untreated tap water.
Antihistamines can reduce allergic symptoms. An intranasal corticosteroid is often an effective option for persistent allergic rhinitis and works best when used regularly with correct technique. Ask a healthcare professional or pharmacist which treatment is appropriate, especially for children, during pregnancy or when taking other medications.
Decongestant nasal sprays should be used only for the period stated in the product instructions because prolonged use can worsen congestion. Severe allergic rhinitis that does not respond to usual treatment may warrant specialist assessment and consideration of allergen immunotherapy.
When to seek medical advice
Arrange an assessment if symptoms are persistent, affect sleep or daily activities, have no clear cause, do not improve with treatment or make asthma worse. Seek prompt care for severe facial pain, swelling around an eye, high fever, vision changes, severe headache or repeated bleeding.
Contact local emergency services immediately for severe breathing difficulty, faintness, rapidly increasing swelling of the lips, tongue or throat, or other signs of anaphylaxis.
Sources and further reading
Last reviewed: 28 September 2026.
This information is general and does not replace individual medical assessment or treatment.