Sinusitis, also called rhinosinusitis, is inflammation of the lining of the sinuses and nose. It commonly follows a cold and is usually caused by a virus. Most acute cases improve without antibiotics.
Symptoms
- Pressure, pain or tenderness around the cheeks, eyes or forehead
- A blocked or runny nose
- Reduced sense of smell
- Thick nasal mucus or postnasal drip
- Headache, toothache, cough or bad breath
- Fever or tiredness in some cases
Yellow or green mucus does not by itself prove that the infection is bacterial or that antibiotics are needed.
Acute and chronic sinusitis
Acute sinusitis usually develops after a viral respiratory infection and settles within several weeks. Bacterial infection is more likely when symptoms are severe, last more than about ten days without improvement, or become worse after initially improving.
Symptoms lasting for twelve weeks or longer may indicate chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy, asthma, nasal polyps, a structural blockage and ongoing inflammation may contribute. Repeated or persistent symptoms need medical assessment.
Self care
Rest, drink enough fluid and avoid smoking and other nasal irritants. A saline nasal spray or rinse may help clear mucus. Use a ready made sterile product or water that is distilled, sterile, or previously boiled and cooled. Do not use untreated tap water for nasal rinsing.
A pharmacist can advise about suitable pain relief and nasal treatments. Decongestant nasal sprays should be used only for the period stated in the instructions because prolonged use can worsen congestion. A corticosteroid nasal spray may be advised when allergy or ongoing inflammation contributes, but correct and regular use is important.
Antibiotics
Antibiotics do not treat viruses and are not needed for most sinus infections. When bacterial sinusitis is suspected, a clinician may recommend observation, a delayed prescription or immediate antibiotics depending on symptom severity, duration and individual risk. Unnecessary antibiotics can cause adverse effects and contribute to antimicrobial resistance.
When to seek medical advice
Arrange an assessment if symptoms are severe, last more than ten days without improvement, worsen after beginning to improve, recur several times a year, or persist for twelve weeks. Seek earlier advice if you have a weakened immune system or significant long term health conditions.
One sided nasal blockage or discharge, repeated nosebleeds, facial numbness or an unexplained persistent change in smell should be assessed rather than assumed to be sinusitis.
Urgent warning signs
Seek urgent medical care for swelling or redness around an eye, eye pain, double vision, reduced vision, a severe or rapidly worsening headache, confusion, neck stiffness, marked drowsiness, vomiting, forehead swelling or severe general illness. These uncommon symptoms can indicate spread of infection around the eye or brain.
Related information
Read about rhinitis and nasal polyps, or explore our Ear, Nose and Throat section.
Sources
- NHS: Sinusitis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sinus infection basics
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Antibiotic use
- MedlinePlus: Sinusitis
Using this information
This information supports general understanding and preparation for a conversation with a qualified healthcare professional. It does not replace an individual medical assessment, diagnosis or treatment.
Reviewed: 28 August 2026