Sleep supports physical recovery, immune function, learning, memory, emotional regulation and cardiovascular health. Sleep needs vary by age and individual, but persistent difficulty sleeping or excessive daytime sleepiness can affect health, safety and quality of life.
Common sleep disorders
- Insomnia and Sleep Problems — difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or obtaining restorative sleep.
- Sleep Apnea — repeated breathing interruptions during sleep.
- Narcolepsy — a neurological disorder affecting regulation of sleep and wakefulness.
- Restless Legs Syndrome — an urge to move the legs that typically worsens during rest and at night.
Signs of a possible sleep disorder
- Persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep
- Loud snoring with pauses in breathing
- Excessive daytime sleepiness
- Falling asleep unintentionally
- Uncomfortable leg sensations at night
- Unusual movements or behaviors during sleep
- Sleep problems that interfere with work, driving, mood or daily activities
Healthy sleep habits
A consistent wake time, regular daytime activity, exposure to daylight and a dark, quiet sleep environment can support sleep. Caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, late-night heavy meals and stimulating screen use can interfere with sleep in some people. Sleep habits are useful, but chronic sleep disorders may require specific treatment rather than lifestyle advice alone.
Assessment and treatment
Assessment may include a sleep history, review of medicines and health conditions, a sleep diary and sometimes overnight sleep testing. Treatment depends on the cause and may include cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, treatment for sleep apnea, medicines for selected conditions or management of an underlying medical or mental health problem.
Safety and urgent concerns
Do not drive or operate dangerous machinery when severely sleepy. Seek urgent medical care for serious breathing difficulty, prolonged loss of consciousness, severe confusion or another rapidly worsening condition. Suspected sleep apnea, persistent excessive sleepiness or sleep problems affecting daily function should be medically assessed.
Related topics
Sources and further reading
Last reviewed: 4 September 2026. This page provides general health information and does not replace individual medical assessment or treatment.