Spina bifida is a neural tube condition in which the spine and spinal cord do not develop in the usual way during early pregnancy. It can range from a mild closed form with few symptoms to an open form that affects nerves, movement and organ function.
Types and Possible Effects
Open spina bifida, including myelomeningocele, can cause weakness or loss of sensation in the legs, mobility difficulties and problems with bladder or bowel control. Hydrocephalus, a build-up of fluid around the brain, is also common. Closed forms may cause no symptoms or may be associated with a dimple, lump or patch of hair over the lower spine.
Diagnosis
Open spina bifida may be identified during pregnancy screening and confirmed with further imaging or tests. Closed forms may be diagnosed after birth using examination and spinal imaging. The care team will explain the likely effects, which depend on the type and level of the spinal difference.
Treatment and Support
Open spina bifida usually requires surgery to close the spinal opening. Surgery cannot reverse existing nerve damage but can protect the exposed tissue and reduce further injury. Hydrocephalus may require a shunt or another procedure to drain fluid.
Long term care may include physiotherapy, occupational therapy, mobility equipment, bladder and bowel management, skin protection, orthopaedic care and educational support. Regular kidney, bladder and neurological monitoring can prevent complications.
When to Get Urgent Help
People with a shunt need urgent assessment for a severe or worsening headache, repeated vomiting, unusual sleepiness, confusion, seizures, new vision problems or a sudden change in balance. New weakness, loss of sensation, bladder changes, fever with back pain or a wound over the spine also needs prompt medical advice.
Folic Acid and Pregnancy
Folic acid taken before conception and during early pregnancy reduces the risk of neural tube conditions. The recommended dose varies according to individual risk and local guidance. Anyone taking epilepsy medicine or with a personal or family history of neural tube conditions should ask a doctor about the correct dose before pregnancy. Do not stop prescribed medicine without medical advice.
Sources
Reviewed 28 August 2026.