A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) happens when blood flow to part of the brain is temporarily interrupted. It causes the same sudden symptoms as a stroke, but the symptoms usually resolve within minutes or hours. A TIA is an urgent warning that a stroke may follow.
Symptoms
Use FAST to recognise the main signs:
- Face: One side may droop.
- Arms: One arm may become weak or numb.
- Speech: Speech may be slurred, confused or difficult.
- Time: Call your local emergency number immediately.
Other symptoms can include sudden loss of vision, weakness or numbness on one side, dizziness, loss of balance, confusion or difficulty understanding speech.
What to Do
It is impossible to know at first whether the symptoms are caused by a TIA or a stroke. Call for emergency help immediately, even if the symptoms improve or disappear. Do not drive yourself to hospital.
Causes and Risk Factors
A TIA is usually caused by a small clot temporarily blocking an artery that supplies the brain. Risk factors include high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, limited physical activity and narrowing of the carotid arteries.
Assessment
Urgent assessment helps identify the cause and reduce the risk of stroke. It may include blood pressure checks, blood tests, an electrocardiogram, examination of the neck arteries and brain imaging when appropriate.
Treatment and Prevention
Treatment depends on the cause and may include antiplatelet or anticoagulant medicine, cholesterol lowering treatment, blood pressure treatment or surgery for severe narrowing of a carotid artery. Stopping smoking, regular activity, a balanced diet and limiting alcohol can also reduce risk.
Do not start aspirin or change prescribed medicine unless a qualified healthcare professional or emergency service advises you to do so.
Sources
Reviewed 28 August 2026.